Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that is caused by malignant plasma
cells that proliferate in the bone marrow and produce abnormally high
amounts of a special protein. The special proteins are typically
monoclonal paraprotein (M protein) and other compounds such as
immunoglobulins. Plasma cells are white blood cells that make antibodies
and are part of the body's immune system. Multiple myeloma plasma cell
proliferation can result in etched away bone (lytic bone lesions), soft
tissue masses, impaired immune system, and pain from collapsing bone and
other systemic problems listed below.
What triggers plasma cells to become malignant in multiple myeloma is
not known. The cancerous myeloma plasma cells proliferate and crowd out
normal plasma cells and can etch away areas of bones. The proteins
produced in large amounts can cause many of the symptoms of the disease
by making the blood more thickened (viscous) and depositing the proteins
in organs that can interfere with the functions of the kidneys, nerves,
and immune system.
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